More than 1,600 civilians were killed as a result of the US-led bombing of the Syrian city of Raqqa, according to a charity.

But US, UK, French and other coalition forces have acknowledged responsibility for killing only 159 civilians during the four-month offensive in 2017, said Amnesty International.

Amnesty said many of its cases "are likely to amount to violations of international humanitarian law" and said the "relentless barrage" of munitions were "inaccurate to the point of being indiscriminate".

Between June and October 2017, almost 80% of Raqqa was left uninhabitable during the offensive to take the city from Islamic State (Daesh) control, Amnesty added.

Amnesty and non-profit group Airwars said they collated and cross-referenced data from investigations spanning almost two years and analysed open-source evidence to arrive at the figure.

More than 1,000 names have been matched with civilians killed through Amnesty researchers interviewing more than 400 witnesses and survivors, according to the report.

In July last year, Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson sought to discredit another Amnesty report on Raqqa as "unfounded" and "disgraceful".

A spokesman for the Ministry of Defence (MoD) said: "Sadly, no military action can be wholly without risk - we do everything possible to mitigate those risks, but cannot eliminate them entirely.

"Global coalition air strikes have successfully contributed to the liberation of all the territory once held by Daesh, who imposed unspeakable suffering on millions of people."

Donatella Rovera, from Amnesty, said: "Many of the air bombardments were inaccurate and tens of thousands of artillery strikes were indiscriminate, so it is no surprise they killed and injured many hundreds of civilians.

"Coalition forces razed Raqqa, but they cannot erase the truth.

"Amnesty International and Airwars call upon the coalition forces to end their denial about the shocking scale of civilian deaths and destruction caused by their offensive in Raqqa."

The MoD spokesman said: "After every UK air strike we conduct a thorough battle damage assessment, which uses all available information to examine the outcome of the strike, and also looks very carefully at whether there is any evidence of civilian casualties or damage to civilian infrastructure."

Amnesty said the report findings can be viewed on an interactive website: Rhetoric versus Reality: How the 'most precise air campaign in history' left Raqqa the most destroyed city in modern times.